SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Optical spectrometer</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optical spectrometer</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Spectrograph" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a>.</span> <span>For broader coverage of this topic, see <a href="Photometry_(optics)" title="Photometry (optics)">Photometry (optics)</a>.</span></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<p>An <b>optical spectrometer</b> (<b>spectrophotometer</b>, <b>spectrograph</b> or <b>spectroscope</b>) is an instrument used to measure properties of <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a> over a specific portion of the <a href="Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, typically used in <a href="Spectroscopic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic analysis">spectroscopic analysis</a> to identify materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The variable measured is most often the <a href="Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a> of the light but could also, for instance, be the <a href="Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarization</a> state. The independent variable is usually the <a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of the light or a closely derived physical quantity, such as the corresponding <a href="Wavenumber" title="Wavenumber">wavenumber</a> or the <a href="Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> energy, in units of measurement such as centimeters, <a href="Reciprocal_centimeters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal centimeters">reciprocal centimeters</a>, or <a href="Electron_volt" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron volt">electron volts</a>, respectively.

</p><p>A <a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> is used in <a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> for producing <a href="Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> and measuring their <a href="Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a> and intensities. Spectrometers may operate over a wide range of non-optical wavelengths, from <a href="Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> and <a href="X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> into the <a href="Far_infrared" title="Far infrared">far infrared</a>. If the instrument is designed to measure the spectrum on an <a href="Absolute_scale" title="Absolute scale">absolute scale</a> rather than a relative one, then it is typically called a <a href="Spectrophotometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrophotometer">spectrophotometer</a>. The majority of spectrophotometers are used in spectral regions near the visible spectrum.

</p><p>A spectrometer that is calibrated for measurement of the incident optical power is called a <a href="Spectroradiometer" title="Spectroradiometer">spectroradiometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum. Below optical frequencies (that is, at <a href="Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> and <a href="Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> frequencies), the <a href="Spectrum_analyzer" title="Spectrum analyzer">spectrum analyzer</a> is a closely related electronic device.

</p><p>Spectrometers are used in many fields. For example, they are used in astronomy to analyze the radiation from objects and deduce their chemical composition. The spectrometer uses a prism or a grating to spread the light into a spectrum. This allows astronomers to detect many of the chemical elements by their characteristic spectral lines. These lines are named for the elements which cause them, such as the <a href="Hydrogen_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen alpha">hydrogen alpha</a>, beta, and gamma lines. A glowing object will show bright spectral lines. Dark lines are made by absorption, for example by light passing through a gas cloud, and these absorption lines can also identify chemical compounds. Much of our knowledge of the chemical makeup of the universe comes from spectra.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectroscopes">Spectroscopes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Spectroscope</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Spectrograph</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related items</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mass_spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrograph">Mass spectrograph</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>Spectroscopes are often used in <a href="Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and some branches of <a href="Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>. Early spectroscopes were simply <a href="Triangular_prism_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangular prism (optics)">prisms</a> with graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes generally use a <a href="Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction grating</a>, a movable <a href="Diffraction#Single-slit_diffraction" title="Diffraction">slit</a>, and some kind of <a href="Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a>, all automated and controlled by a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. Recent advances have seen increasing reliance of computational algorithms in a range of miniaturised spectrometers without diffraction gratings, for example, through the use of quantum dot-based filter arrays on to a CCD chip<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a series of photodetectors realised on a single nanostructure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Joseph_von_Fraunhofer" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> developed the first modern spectroscope by combining a prism, diffraction slit and <a href="Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">telescope</a> in a manner that increased the spectral resolution and was reproducible in other laboratories. Fraunhofer also went on to invent the first diffraction spectroscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand_37_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand_37-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Gustav_Robert_Kirchhoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Robert Kirchhoff">Gustav Robert Kirchhoff</a> and <a href="Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> discovered the application of spectroscopes to chemical analysis and used this approach to discover <a href="Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> and <a href="Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirchhoff and Bunsen's analysis also enabled a chemical explanation of <a href="Astronomical_spectroscopy#Stars_and_their_properties" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">stellar spectra</a>, including <a href="Fraunhofer_lines" title="Fraunhofer lines">Fraunhofer lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand_63_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand_63-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>When a material is heated to <a href="Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">incandescence</a> it emits <a href="Light" title="Light">light</a> that is characteristic of the atomic makeup of the material.

Particular light frequencies give rise to sharply defined bands on the scale which can be thought of as fingerprints. For example, the element <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> has a very characteristic double yellow band known as the Sodium D-lines at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers, the color of which will be familiar to anyone who has seen a low pressure <a href="Sodium_vapor_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium vapor lamp">sodium vapor lamp</a>.

</p><p>In the original spectroscope design in the early 19th century, light entered a slit and a <a href="Collimating_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collimating lens">collimating lens</a> transformed the light into a thin beam of parallel rays. The light then passed through a prism (in hand-held spectroscopes, usually an <a href="Amici_prism" title="Amici prism">Amici prism</a>) that <a href="Refraction" title="Refraction">refracted</a> the beam into a spectrum because different wavelengths were refracted different amounts due to <a href="Dispersion_(optics)" title="Dispersion (optics)">dispersion</a>. This image was then viewed through a tube with a scale that was transposed upon the spectral image, enabling its direct measurement.

</p><p>With the development of <a href="Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a>, the more accurate <a href="#Spectrographs">spectrograph</a> was created. It was based on the same principle as the spectroscope, but it had a camera in place of the viewing tube. In recent years, the electronic circuits built around the <a href="Photomultiplier" title="Photomultiplier">photomultiplier</a> tube have replaced the camera, allowing real-time spectrographic analysis with far greater accuracy. Arrays of photosensors are also used in place of film in spectrographic systems. Such spectral analysis, or spectroscopy, has become an important scientific tool for analyzing the composition of unknown material and for studying astronomical phenomena and testing astronomical theories.

</p><p>In modern spectrographs in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral ranges, the spectrum is generally given in the form of photon number per unit wavelength (nm or μm), wavenumber (μm<sup>−1</sup>, cm<sup>−1</sup>), frequency (THz), or energy (eV), with the units indicated by the <a href="Abscissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abscissa">abscissa</a>. In the mid- to far-IR, spectra are typically expressed in units of Watts per unit wavelength (μm) or wavenumber (cm<sup>−1</sup>). In many cases, the spectrum is displayed with the units left implied (such as "digital counts" per spectral channel).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Gemology">In Gemology</h3></div>

<p><a href="Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemologists</a> frequently use spectroscopes to determine the absorption spectra of gemstones, thereby allowing them to make inferences about what kind of gem they are examining.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A gemologist may compare the absorption spectrum they observe with a catalogue of spectra for various gems to help narrow down the exact identity of the gem.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectrographs">Spectrographs</h2></div>

<p>A spectrograph is an instrument that separates light into its wavelengths and records the data.<sup id="cite_ref-spie_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A spectrograph typically has a multi-channel detector system or camera that detects and records the spectrum of light.<sup id="cite_ref-spie_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term was first used in 1876 by <a href="Henry_Draper" title="Henry Draper">Dr. Henry Draper</a> when he invented the earliest version of this device, and which he used to take several photographs of the spectrum of <a href="Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>. This earliest version of the spectrograph was cumbersome to use and difficult to manage. Jackson S. Richardson and Johnathon D. Hogan popularized the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are several kinds of machines referred to as <i>spectrographs</i>, depending on the precise nature of the waves. The first spectrographs used <a href="Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">photographic paper</a> as the detector. The plant pigment <a href="Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochrome</a> was discovered using a spectrograph that used living plants as the detector. More recent spectrographs use electronic detectors, such as <a href="Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCDs</a> which can be used for both visible and <a href="Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">UV</a> light. The exact choice of detector depends on the wavelengths of light to be recorded.

</p><p>A spectrograph is sometimes called <a href="Polychromator" title="Polychromator">polychromator</a>, as an analogy to <a href="Monochromator" title="Monochromator">monochromator</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stellar_and_solar_spectrograph">Stellar and solar spectrograph</h3></div>

<p>The star <a href="Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral classification</a> and discovery of the <a href="Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a>, <a href="Hubble's_law" title="Hubble's law">Hubble's law</a> and the <a href="Galaxy_morphological_classification" title="Galaxy morphological classification">Hubble sequence</a> were all made with spectrographs that used photographic paper. <a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> contains both a near-infrared spectrograph (<a href="NIRSpec_(Near-Infrared_Spectrograph)" class="mw-redirect" title="NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph)">NIRSpec</a>) and a mid-infrared spectrograph (<a href="MIRI_(Mid-Infrared_Instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument)">MIRI</a>).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Echelle_spectrograph">Echelle spectrograph</h3></div>

<p>An <a href="Echelle_grating" title="Echelle grating">echelle</a>-based spectrograph uses two <a href="Diffraction_grating" title="Diffraction grating">diffraction gratings</a>, rotated 90 degrees with respect to each other and placed close to one another. Therefore, an entrance point and not a slit is used and a CCD-chip records the spectrum. Both gratings have a wide spacing, and one is <a href="Blazed_grating" title="Blazed grating">blazed</a> so that only the first order is visible and the other is blazed with many higher orders visible, so a very fine spectrum is presented to the CCD.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slitless_spectrograph">Slitless spectrograph</h3></div>

<p>In conventional spectrographs, a slit is inserted into the beam to limit the image extent in the dispersion direction. A <a href="Slitless_spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Slitless spectrograph">slitless spectrograph</a> omits the slit; this results in images that <a href="Convolution" title="Convolution">convolve</a> the image information with spectral information along the direction of dispersion. If the field is not sufficiently sparse, then spectra from different sources in the image field will overlap. The trade is that slitless spectrographs can produce <a href="Spectral_imaging" title="Spectral imaging">spectral images</a> much more quickly than scanning a conventional spectrograph. That is useful in applications such as <a href="Solar_physics" title="Solar physics">solar physics</a> where time evolution is important.

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;">

<ul><li><a href="Circular_dichroism" title="Circular dichroism">Circular dichroism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmic_Origins_Spectrograph" title="Cosmic Origins Spectrograph">Cosmic Origins Spectrograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Monochromator#Czerny-Turner_monochromator" title="Monochromator">Czerny-Turner monochromator</a></li>

<li><a href="Imaging_spectrometer" title="Imaging spectrometer">Imaging spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_astronomical_instruments" title="List of astronomical instruments">List of astronomical instruments</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">List of light sources</a></li>

<li><a href="Long-slit_spectroscopy" title="Long-slit spectroscopy">Long-slit spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Prism_spectrometer" title="Prism spectrometer">Prism spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Scanning_mobility_particle_sizer" title="Scanning mobility particle sizer">Scanning mobility particle sizer</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">Spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectroradiometer" title="Spectroradiometer">Spectroradiometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtually_imaged_phased_array" title="Virtually imaged phased array">Virtually imaged phased array</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFButlerLaqua1995" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, L. R. P.; Laqua, K. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iupac.org/publications/pac/67/10/1725/">"Nomenclature, symbols, units and their usage in spectrochemical analysis-IX. Instrumentation for the spectral dispersion and isolation of optical radiation (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)"</a>. <i>Pure Appl. Chem</i>. <b>67</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1725–</span>1744. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199567101725">10.1351/pac199567101725</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94991425">94991425</a>. <q>A spectrometer is the general term for describing a combination of spectral apparatus with one or more detectors to measure the intensity of one or more spectral bands.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderYoungBergenDam-Hansen2022" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, T.; Young, R.; Bergen, T.; Dam-Hansen, C; Goodman, T.; Jordan, W.; Lee, D.-H; Okura, T.; Sperfeld, P.; Thorseth, A; Zong, Y. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/cie-2502022-spectroradiometric-measurement-of-optical-radiation-s"><i>CIE 250:2022 Spectroradiometric Measurement of Optical Radiation Sources</i></a>. Vienna: CIE - International Commission on Illumination. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-902842-23-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaoBawendi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bao, Jie; Bawendi, Moungi G. (2015-07-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14576">"A colloidal quantum dot spectrometer"</a></span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>523</b> (7558): <span class="nowrap">67–</span>70. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.523...67B">2015Natur.523...67B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14576">10.1038/nature14576</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26135449">26135449</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4457991">4457991</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYangAlbrow-OwenCuiAlexander-Webber2019" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Zongyin; Albrow-Owen, Tom; Cui, Hanxiao; Alexander-Webber, Jack; Gu, Fuxing; Wang, Xiaomu; Wu, Tien-Chun; Zhuge, Minghua; Williams, Calum; Wang, Pan; Zayats, Anatoly V. (2019-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax8814">"Single-nanowire spectrometers"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>365</b> (6457): <span class="nowrap">1017–</span>1020. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...365.1017Y">2019Sci...365.1017Y</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aax8814">10.1126/science.aax8814</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488686">31488686</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201845940">201845940</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brand_37-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brand_37_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrand1995" class="citation book cs1">Brand, John C. D. (1995). <i>Lines of Light: The Sources of Dispersive Spectroscopy, 1800–1930</i>. Gordon and Breach Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>42. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-2884491624</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some spectroscopic discoveries". <i><a href="Journal_of_Chemical_Education" title="Journal of Chemical Education">Journal of Chemical Education</a></i>. <b>9</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">1413–</span>1434. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9.1413W">1932JChEd...9.1413W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p1413">10.1021/ed009p1413</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/biography/var/robertbunsen.html">"Robert Bunsen"</a>. <i>infoplease</i>. <a href="Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-21</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Brand_63-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brand_63_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrand1995">Brand 1995</a>, p. 63</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gemologyproject.com/wiki/index.php?title=Spectroscope#Use_of_the_spectroscope">"Spectroscope - The Gemology Project"</a>. <i>gemologyproject.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-04</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann12071/">"Powerful New VLT Instrument Arrives in Chile"</a>. <i>ESO Announcement</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-spie-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spie_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spie_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spie.org/x32350.xml">"Spectrometer, Spectroscope, and SpectrographExcerpt from Field Guide to Spectroscopy"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="IUPAC_books" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 5th ed. (the "Gold Book") (2025). Online version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05836.html">spectrograph</a>". <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05836">10.1351/goldbook.S05836</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Barker" class="citation cs2">George Barker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/draper-henry.pdf"><i>Memoir of Henry Draper, 1837-1882</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 103</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li>J. F. James and R. S. Sternberg (1969), <i>The Design of Optical Spectrometers</i> (Chapman and Hall Ltd)</li>

<li>James, John (2007), <i>Spectrograph Design Fundamentals</i> (Cambridge University Press) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-86463-1</bdi></li>

<li>Browning, John (1882), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/howtoworkwithspe00browrich">How to work with the spectroscope : a manual of practical manipulation with spectroscopes of all kinds</a></i></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2020" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Christopher (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newport.com/b/richardson-gratings"><i>Diffraction Grating Handbook</i></a> (8th ed.). MKS Newport.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/optical_spectrometer" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/optical spectrometer">optical spectrometer</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spectrographs" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Spectrographs">Spectrographs</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126044903/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/spectrographs.html">Spectrograph for astronomical Spectra</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/spectrograph/order/title">Photographs of spectrographs used in the Lick Observatory from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analytical_chemistry674" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Analytical_chemistry674" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Measuring_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Measuring instrument">Instrumentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">Atomic absorption spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Flame_emission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame emission spectroscopy">Flame emission spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph</a></li>

<li><a href="High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">High-performance liquid chromatograph</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Melting_point_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melting point apparatus">Melting point apparatus</a></li>

<li><a href="Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li>

<li><a href="Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li>

<li><a href="Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">Gravimetric analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ion_mobility_spectrometry" title="Ion mobility spectrometry">Ion mobility spectrometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li>

<li><a href="Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sampling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sub-sampling_(chemistry)#Coning_and_quartering" title="Sub-sampling (chemistry)">Coning and quartering</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">Dissolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li>

<li><a href="Masking_agent" title="Masking agent">Masking</a></li>

<li><a href="Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">Pulverization</a></li>

<li><a href="Sample_preparation" title="Sample preparation">Sample preparation</a></li>

<li><a href="Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li>

<li><a href="Sub-sampling_(chemistry)" title="Sub-sampling (chemistry)">Sub-sampling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calibration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">Chemometrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Calibration_curve" title="Calibration curve">Calibration curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Matrix_(chemical_analysis)" title="Matrix (chemical analysis)">Matrix effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_standard" title="Internal standard">Internal standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_addition" title="Standard addition">Standard addition</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotope_dilution" title="Isotope dilution">Isotope dilution</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent <a href="List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important publications in chemistry">publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Analyst_(journal)" title="Analyst (journal)">Analyst</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytica_Chimica_Acta" title="Analytica Chimica Acta">Analytica Chimica Acta</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytical_and_Bioanalytical_Chemistry" title="Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry">Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytical_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Analytical Chemistry (journal)">Analytical Chemistry</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Analytical_Biochemistry" title="Analytical Biochemistry">Analytical Biochemistry</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Category</b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Analytical_chemistry" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Analytical chemistry">Commons</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><b><a href="Portal%3AChemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Portal</a></b></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spectroscope"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85126420">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spectroscopes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981985f">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spectroscopes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11981985f">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000321336&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565844505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/845d6fe0-c106-4726-b41c-33465cb90151">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Optical_spectrometer&oldid=1301609256">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>